Both the executive and legislative branches have investigative powers over each other. The executive branch investigates, subject to certain constitutional restrictions, 61 criminal conduct by members of the House of Representatives and the Senate, and legislators suspected of violating the law may be prosecuted in federal court.62 Congress has the power to investigate executive and judicial activities, and these investigations may form the basis for future prosecution or impeachment proceedings. be. In addition, Congress had the power to regularly oversee executive departments to make future legislative and resource decisions.63 The majority of North American colonies were governed by “mixed governments,” much like the British central government.18 Eligible settlers were allowed to elect representatives to the lower house of an assembly, but the governor was appointed by the Crown. and, in addition to executive functions, had a significant influence on other functions of government. The royal governor generally had absolute veto power over colonial laws, the power to appoint the upper house of the legislature (called the “Board of Governors”), and the power to dissolve the assembly.19 The Board of Governors also generally served as the highest court in the colony. The Assembly had certain controls over the governor, including control over his salary and authority over taxation.20 The Constitution specifically divides matters of war and foreign policy among the branches. The president is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces under Article II,64, but Congress has the power to declare war, establish and support an army and navy, and make rules for the armed forces.65 Congress also has authority over the allocation of funds, including the financing of war efforts.66 The courts have the power to: Declare unconstitutional the actions of Congress or the President concerning war. Since public opinion shapes the actions of political actors and thus the political outcomes, the maintenance and strengthening of the power of the branches can be increased by increasing the public prestige of the institution.
If voters believe that one branch of government is more or less capable of dealing with public policy or other political issues, power is likely to flow to that branch of government and away from the other branches. In fact, the institutional reputation of the branches at a given time influences their relative political power and shapes the results, especially in conflicts that arise between the branches. Many things can influence the public prestige of the branches: perceptions of competences, scandals, attacks by other branches, etc.89 After independence, the newly independent states began to pursue governmental structures more oriented towards our modern vision of the separation of powers. Between 1776 and 1780, the original 13 states drafted new state constitutions. However, the colonial and revolutionary experience also took on a strong anti-executive character. Colonial assemblies were, after all, the colonist-controlled branch of government and their main source of government power. Dissatisfaction with the king and colonial governors led many settlers in the 1770s to believe that strong legislation was the main feature of optimal governments.26 It is not surprising that branches of government sought to strengthen their power within the federal government. Since such expansions of power are largely at the expense of one of the other branches of government, each branch also has strong incentives to defend its own power against the attacks of the other branches.80 Such attempts to improve and defend against the encroachments of the other branches can take many forms.
Here are three general aspects of the strategies used by industries. The elected representatives of the legislative and executive branches — the president, vice-president, senators and deputies — all come from constituencies in which the other branches are not normally involved. The president and vice president are elected by state voters, all of whom are currently elected by popular vote in the states, but are chosen by law in the manner ordered by each state legislature.44 Members of Congress are expressly excluded from the election, ensuring that they have no direct influence on the election of the president or vice president.45 Members of the House of Representatives and the Senates are directly elected in their constituencies. ==References==States without the participation of other branches of the federal government.46 The political branches of the federal government are also regularly in conflict over issues that the Constitution never takes into account. No 18th-century document could have predicted a nation`s developments over the centuries, and conflicts between the president and Congress often involve questions that would never have been more important to the authors. Even forces that seem to be firmly entrenched in one branch or another can create conflicts over their application. For example, only Congress has the power to allocate funds to a federal government activity. But does the president have the discretion not to spend funds approved by Congress?79 A second global conflict is one that puts institutional power in conflict with partisan affiliation. Members of a political party generally do not want to embarrass friends of the party or damage the reputation of their party; Instead, they seek to improve their party`s reputation and brand in the hope of amassing party power and gaining more control over public order.97 So it often happens that individuals have to choose to help their political party or strengthen the power of their institution. For example, lawmakers can refrain from criticizing the actions of a president of their own party, even if those actions are to the detriment of Congress as an institution.
The member of Congress may conclude that the advantage to his or her voters, party, or ideological political preferences outweighs the reduction of the institution`s power.98 The constitutional structure of the separation of powers invites conflicts between branches, particularly between Congress and the president. .
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